Are Humans Naturally Bad Or Good Philosophy Essay

Are Humans Naturally Bad Or Good Philosophy Essay I accept that people are normally terrible on the grounds that our base attitude is one of shrewdness. A huge number of years prior, individuals battled superfluous wars, tormented detainees, assaulted, killed, and looted. As anyone might expect, the entirety of that despite everything happens in todays society. The world we live in is a basically awful one. Radical vigilantes bomb urban communities, open fire in jam-packed places, and impel lamentable mobs each day. From taking a gander at our general surroundings and seeing our degeneration, it is over the top to accept that we are normally acceptable. In spite of the fact that the developmental procedure has ingrained a small amount of respectfulness and humankind in us, we are still normally malicious creatures. Thomas Hobbes perceives the abhorrent idea of people and portrays it in Leviathan. He expresses that laws were conceived for the sole motivation behind holding our insidious nature in line. Without them, our base senses would reemerge and disorder would rule. That is the reason Hobbes was supportive of dictator governments; they were important to monitor us. Fundamentally, they are expected to shield us from ourselves. Hobbes additionally expresses that our actual natures emerge in the midst of struggle. For instance, in war-torn nations, regular people murder and take structure each other so as to endure. Self-safeguarding is one of the most normal of human impulses and we will effectively endure. Hobbes likewise poses a fascinating inquiry to the individuals who accept that human are acceptable. He inquires as to whether people are so kind in nature, at that point for what reason do we lock our entryways around evening time and gatekeeper our assets? Thusly, we are unknowingly perc eiving the abhorrent idea of people. Hsun Tzu additionally kept up that keeps an eye on nature is characteristically detestable. He accepted that people are brought into the world malevolence, however it is an instructors duty to teach them and reign in those malevolent senses and annihilate them. Despite the fact that he has admirable statements, it is as yet ridiculous to imagine that keeps an eye on normally insidious impulses can be checked so without any problem. Those smothered impulses that have been put away in the chronicles of the human mind will reemerge in the end. It is likewise ridiculous to feel that one can make man great just by methods for training. In the event that anything, training prompts insidious in light of the fact that it has the ability to degenerate. The individuals who contradict Hobbes and state that people are normally acceptable are, in all honesty, visionaries. The Chinese savant Mencius states that people are normally acceptable and that ones conditions impact their tendency. The possibility of ones conditions impacting their inclination is strange. One might be deplorable enough to be naturally introduced to not exactly good conditions, however it is dependent upon that individual to defeat them. Indeed, one can become disenchanted and hard by their incapacitating circumstance, however to state that their conditions impact their tendency is to give a support for terrible conduct. Credited to Plato, the possibility that affection can make one great has become another hopeful assessment for some. Plato expressed that affection is one of, if not the most, normal feelings that people have, consequently we are normally acceptable in light of the fact that adoration itself is acceptable. While love is a very satisfying feeling that can prompt change inside an individual, that improve isn't generally. Love has prompted wars, murders, and the devastation of realms, from the beginning of time. For instance, Helen of Troy and the famous war battled about her. Her affection for an outside sovereign prompted the passings of thousands of troopers and regular people and the total devastation of a realm. Another model is Henry VIII and his affection for Anne Boleyn. He separated from his sovereign, broke with the Catholic Church, and destroyed his nation so as to wed his courtesan. Maybe the most widely recognized instances of how love can change an individual are aggressiv e behavior at home cases. In less complex terms, love frequently prompts foolishness, unreasonableness, weakness of judgment, and, now and again, terrible conduct in a person. In twentieth century feelings, the possibility of Nature versus Support was accepted by a few. Nature implying that we are brought into the world with whatever conduct we display, and sustain implying that our way of life can shape us into what we are. The researcher Edward O. Wilson expressed that on the off chance that the procedure of regular choice has decided our organic capacities, at that point normal choice more likely than not decided the activities of our cerebrums. Essentially, he accepted that people are brought into the world with whatever nature they have, in this way approving my contention that we are brought into the world wickedness. At the furthest edge of the philosophical range, the anthropologist Ruth Benedict composed that ones culture and its normal practice can shape that person into a positive or negative being. By and by, the idea of ones environmental factors affecting their inclination is presented. Benedict essentially gives a similar support for terrible conduct that Mencius gave a huge number of years sooner. All in all, people are characteristically detestable in nature since it is our base attitude. Unfortunately, it is a piece of us that is unchangeable and, attempt as one may, it can't be suppressed by training or guidance, nor would it be able to be affected by our way of life or environmental factors. We are brought into the world the manner in which we are, and we should acknowledge it.

Free Essays on “Sports Drinks Refresh Rivalry For Coke, Pepsi”

This article investigates Coke’s Powerade versus Pepsi’s Gatorade and how Coke anticipates restoring their battling item. All through this article it is clear that Coke is utilizing inspiration and initiative while figuring out how to change its dark horse item. The organization trusts that by utilizing these techniques they will acquire the piece of the overall industry in the game beverage industry with the opponent of Powerade. In the article Rohan Oza, a senior brand administrator who is accountable for the Powerade crusade, asserts the organization is, â€Å"evolving the games drink category†. Coke is utilizing a proactive procedure of progress, since they are setting another game-plan for their games drink instead of revising the present one. Starting the previous summer, Mr. Oza shaped a quality hover to grow new procedures for the item. He expressed that the gathering â€Å"started with a clear sheet†. The group was made of inspired people who had an authoritative objective of attempting to make progress above Pepsi’s Gatorade in the business. The group started to â€Å"live and feel the brand,† says the Mr. Oza. They met with football players, vitality specialists, therapists, and even conversed with a MTV maker to settle on choices about how the item ought to advance. The value hypothesis will ideally demonstrate that the information, instruction and experience of the group will permit their new technique to be effective. The crusade that ordinarily would take a group two years to create took them short of what one. This was to some extent because of numerous choices that were made on intuition, for example, the items new logo. While Coke is executing numerous better approaches to get their item to the customer, Pepsi despite everything stays to be the pioneer in the business. Pepsi claims, â€Å"We’re going to watch Powerade intently and perceive how they do.† However they don’t feel that it will influence what they do. Pepsi accept they, â€Å"know and comprehend the competitor better than anybody on the planet.† This is what they... Free Essays on â€Å"Sports Drinks Refresh Rivalry For Coke, Pepsi† Free Essays on â€Å"Sports Drinks Refresh Rivalry For Coke, Pepsi† This article investigates Coke’s Powerade versus Pepsi’s Gatorade and how Coke anticipates resuscitating their battling item. All through this article it is clear that Coke is utilizing inspiration and authority while figuring out how to change its dark horse item. The organization trusts that by utilizing these strategies they will acquire the piece of the overall industry in the game beverage industry with the adversary of Powerade. In the article Rohan Oza, a senior brand director who is accountable for the Powerade battle, guarantees the organization is, â€Å"evolving the games drink category†. Coke is utilizing a proactive procedure of progress, since they are setting another strategy for their games drink instead of revising the present one. Starting the previous summer, Mr. Oza shaped a quality hover to grow new procedures for the item. He expressed that the gathering â€Å"started with a clear sheet†. The group was made of inspired people who had an authoritative objective of attempting to make progress above Pepsi’s Gatorade in the business. The group started to â€Å"live and feel the brand,† says the Mr. Oza. They met with football players, vitality specialists, analysts, and even conversed with a MTV maker to settle on choices about how the item ought to develop. The value hypothesis will ideally demonstrate that the information, instruction and experience of the group will permit their new methodology to be effective. The battle that ordinarily would take a group two years to create took them short of what one. This was to a limited extent because of numerous choices that were made on sense, for example, the items new logo. While Coke is executing numerous better approaches to get their item to the purchaser, Pepsi despite everything stays to be the pioneer in the business. Pepsi claims, â€Å"We’re going to watch Powerade intently and perceive how they do.† However they don’t feel that it will influence what they do. Pepsi accept they, â€Å"know and comprehend the competitor better than anybody on the planet.† This is what they...

4 Simple Tips To Make Your Blog A RockStar

4 Simple Tips To Make Your Blog A RockStar Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!4 Simple Tips To Make Your Blog A RockStarUpdated On 29/11/2017Author : Karan LabraTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2oz9GGC CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBlogging is something which seems to be pretty amusing and full of fun in the beginning, but as we go ahead we find the ugly truth.It s easy but its pretty complicated and you might or will get frustrated that despite your efforts youre not getting the desired traffic or whatever you think you deserve. Earlier we saw 5 Simple Ways To Make Your Blog Addictive.I too faced the same problem and that feeling occasionally comes back to me, but here are some things that I did to defeat that fear or anxiety of failure. And here is what you can do to make sure that your blog rocks :Make sure you get into the right niche!This is an important point. Think twice(if not more) before you step into that niche. If you don t choose the right topics, you might find it really difficult to find something to write about and interact with other bloggers in your niche.If you cant find the right niche, why not start with a personal blog till you find the one which suits you!Blogging for just money ? Abort!Many bloggers admire the humongous earnings of famous bloggers but they dont realize the amount of effort that went in to build up that blog.Moreover, people assume that they will be making money from the first day of their blog and hence stuff their blogs with affiliate links and advertisements.READ6 Simple Things Bloggers Shouldn't AvoidAvoid having any kind of advertisements until you gain the minimum amount or the threshold traffic that can really convert into profit.Till then just concentrate on building up quality content for your blog and money will automatically flow in.Decide your look!Well, I too faced the same problem as I never got satisfied with the design of my blog and I had to pay for it! Fi nalize the design of your blog before you start branding it.Frequent changes are not good for SEO as well as it might confuse your readers.Dont get too personalPeople are looking for information and they care the least about what you had in dinner last night. If you like to get personal in your blog posts, you should consider starting a personal blog.Getting too personal is different from sharing your experience and the conclusions that you deduced from your mistakes. Sharing what might be helpful to your readers is great but telling them about your pet in a blog post about Search Engine Optimization is a bit awkward.Well I hope that these tips helped you improve your blog and fix any issues that you might have in making your blog a rockstar! If you find this post useful just consider sharing it with other via Facebook, twitter or Digg. To get such updates regularly please subscribe to our feed via Email .

Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation are Determined Genetically

Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation are Determined Genetically Without having any value judgments on sexual deviancy- the word itself many seem to imply disapproval. Whether it be transvestism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, or sadomasochism, sexual deviancy is by many considered unnatural and inhuman. However these two words unnatural and inhuman is exactly what homosexuality is not. The truth is, sexual deviancy is as much a function of biology and as much a product of nature - as the orthodox sexuality which society accepts as natural. Of course some adult sexual orientation is caused by early social conditioning, but through research and hard evidence, scientists have found that sex, gender and sexual orientation are all†¦show more content†¦She describes gender and sexual orientation (to what gender one is attracted to) as a choice one makes. This is, however, is contradictory to her own case. She felt that she was a woman (gender wise), trapped in the body of a man (physically). She never said that she made a choice over what sex s he was attracted to, or what gender she felt she was. She stated that she was just born a boy, with the gender of a woman. Through this example, one would have to assume that homosexuality is the product of biology, not psychology. Science has proven that, much like Bornstein, sex, gender and sexual orientation are separate and interchangeable, but genetically based. The East German scientist, Dr. Gunter Dorner, has devoted his lifes work to the theory that exposure to certain hormones before birth determines sexual inclination. He claims that potential future homosexual behavior can be detected through amniocentesis, the test of the uterine fluid which can reveal Downs syndrome in the unborn child. Dorner further claims that, with prenatal injections, homosexuality can be prevented. The male hormone masculinises the mind, where in the absence of testosterone the brain develops along a naturally female pattern. (Dorner, 365) Dorner finds that the brain is not masculinises all in one go. Dorner suggests that in men and women it is the presence or absence of male hormones that build the structure of the brain bit by bit into a male or female pattern of sexualShow MoreRelatedDoes Homosexuality Change the Brain or the Brain Results in Homosexuality?1039 Words   |  5 Pagesproduct of biology because according to research, the hormones of the females are stronger. Dr. Hamer states that sexual orientation, male homosexuality is genetically influenced. This is passed down through their mothers to the hormone of their offspring. Sexual identity is wired into the genes, which discounts the concept that homosexuality and transgender sexuality are a choice. Since sexual differentiation occurs within the womb, as a result of hormonal influences, it has been hypothesized that homosexualityRead MoreBiological Factors That Affect Sexual Behavior967 Words   |  4 PagesSex, a topic that takes up so much of our thoughts and behaviors, is one of the most important drives du ring our lives as humans. While animals partake in sex for the sake of reproduction, human beings engage in sexual activities for more complex reasons than simply procreation. Sexuality, then, is the way that we experience and express ourselves as human beings. The development of a person’s sexuality is influenced by a number of factors including a person’s biological sex, their sexual orientationRead MoreHomosexuality Is Not A Choice For Adults963 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States. Homosexuality is a biological trait, and there is experimental evidence to prove the biological influence of homosexuality. The trait of homosexuality can be simply defined as the sexual attraction between the individuals of the same sex. A homosexual person in the female gender is called ‘lesbian’ while the term ‘gay’ represents a homosexual male (Richardson). As the years have progressed, the number of openly homosexual people has dramatically increased as these trait have graduallyRead MoreHomosexuality: Inborn Trait or a Choice991 Words   |  4 Pagesthings that aren’t true. Many fall victim to this reality, resulting in feelings of animosity and prejudice with little or nothing to back it up. This hatred often has to do with race, religion, gender, politics or sexual orientation. As you know one can’t just go and change his or her skin tone or gender. It isn’t as if one was asked to be white, black, Hispanic, Native American exc., nor female or male. This is just the way the person was born. Seeing it from this point of view I wonder why a personRead M oreAlfred Kinsey s Research On Sexual Orientation901 Words   |  4 PagesAlfred Kinsey’s extensive research into sexual orientation has brought about some of the greatest and perhaps most controversial findings of the 20th century. His findings range from sexual activities to sexual orientation, including â€Å"facts† that were considered shocking at the time of their publication, such as 10% of men are gay and almost half men have had adulterous affairs, etc. Not only have they changed the ways people view sex and sexual ethnics in the U.S., but these findings are also stillRead MoreLgbt Orientation And The Lgbt Community1597 Words   |  7 Pages The numerous controversial issues surrounding gays and lesbians, including same-sex marriage, adoptions, and school gay-straight alliances, have brought sexual orientation and homophobia to the front of American social conscience. Although gays and lesbians seem to be more visible in the United States and media images of gays and lesbians have become familiar, violence against gays and lesbians continues to rise and anti-gay measures are common in the political arena. However the question that AmericansRead MoreWhat Is Identity? Who Defines Such, And How Is It Constructed?1570 Words   |  7 Pagesthe definition. Identity has a double sense, it can refer to one’s self, a personal identity; but at the same time can also be socially constructed. People have unique identities which may be partly determined by family influences and personal development, but also biological influences such as a sex, ethnicity, age and disability. As far back as 1690 John Locke wrote an essay concerning human understanding, he considered that personal identity was founded on consciousness, going on to state thatRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be A Hot Button Issue?944 Words   |  4 Pageshot-button issue in America for some time now in which both sides have strong and passionate support. To say the least hysteria and outrage has ensued leading to discrimination against a whole community of people. Questions like â€Å"Is homosexuality genetically caused or is it by choice?† have been one of the main debating points. Everyone has an opinion on this question but few valid scientific answers have been provided but this could start to change rather quickly. According to new scientific studiesRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Development1598 Wor ds   |  7 PagesGender and sex are not synonymous, although they are often used interchangeably. Sex is a biological term and defined as â€Å"the categories of male or female of the sum total of biological attributes on which this distinction is based within a species† (Colman, 2009). Gender, however is a social construct and consists of gender role, gender identity and sexual orientation / preference. Gender identity is â€Å"a sense of awareness, usually beginning in infancy, continuing through childhood, and reachingRead MoreSexual Orientation And Identity Of An Individual2117 Words   |  9 Pagesthe gender, physical ability, race and sexual orientation. This dispels out the confusion that exist between sexual orientation and identity of an individual. Sexual orientation is a branch of a person’s identity. Sexual orientation is a branch of personal identity that has existed for long though it is likely to be ignored by many people. From the past, in the people’s mindset, it was acceptable, normal and proper for men and women to enter into a sexual relationship. Traditionally, sexual attraction

Descartes And John Locke s Views On Consciousness, Self,...

Seventeenth century philosophers Renà © Descartes and John Locke endeavored to question the views on consciousness, self, and personal identity. They examined belief in God, the certainty of knowledge, and the role of mind and body. The goal of this paper is to deliberate John Locke’s and Renà © Descartes views on â€Å"self† and personal identity and how each come to examine how knowledge is captured. Renà © Descartes and John Locke both present arguments that are rational in the discussion of consciousness, self, and personal identity, but each lack conclusive evidence that would provide the proof necessary to believe one or the other philosophies are true. Renà © Descartes examined our very existence and our perceptions of truth. He debated the†¦show more content†¦Locke rationalizes, an older person may not remember their â€Å"self† as young child, but they have memories from when they were middle-aged. When they were middle-aged, they remember their â€Å"self† as a young child, therefore their consciousness can be linked. One way in which Descartes and Locke differ is their opinions of how knowledge is attained. Descartes ascertained that you could only gain knowledge through reasoning and not reasoning and senses together. He concluded that senses can deceive us and should not be trusted. Descartes states, â€Å"I will suppose, then, that everything I see is fictitious. I will believe that my memory tells me nothing but lies. I have no senses. Body, shape, extension, movement and place are illusions. So what remains true? Perhaps just the one fact that nothing is certain!† (Descartes). Descartes identified the mind as a thinking substance and bodies as material substances. Descartes is a rationalist, as he believed knowledge could be gained without experiencing it in the real world. Conversely, Locke felt that individuals gained knowledge through real world experiences. He believed in two kinds of complex ideas: ideas of substances and ideas of modes. In TheShow MoreRelatedPropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I intend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Rationalism and empiricism are two modes of thought thatRead MorePersonal Statement : Personal Identity1267 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Identity Many ancient philosophers were fascinated with the idea of the personal identity. This is often referred to as the â€Å"self†. The â€Å"self† is considered to be something that is not physical, therefore the search to discover the â€Å"self† is not concrete. With the â€Å"self† being something that has no physical element, many philosophers have different opinions on what the â€Å"self† is and how it functions. â€Å"Someone s personal identity in this sense consists of those features she takes to â€Å"defineRead MoreRene Descartes s Philosophy And The Science Of Philosophy1114 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes was a rationalist who is considered the father of modern philosophy, primarily because his ideas departed from current understanding in the early 17th century, which was more feeling based (Biography.com). He was born on March 31, 1956, in France and was a very educated man. His mother sent him to a boarding school which was consi dered college at an early age of 8. Additionally, by the age of 22 he had obtained his degree as a lawyer. To further this, he believed that all truths wereRead MoreThe Philosophical Beliefs Of Substance Dualism And Modern Materialism953 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Dualism and modern Materialism The tradition of Substance Dualism was formulated by Rene Descartes to define the differing modes of the soul that function in the human mind. The dualistic aspect of this philosophy is based on the presence of a higher power, such as God, that provides the essence of the mind through the soul, yet the human body is separated from this process. Therefore, Descartes sought to divide the mind from the material body as a method of defining the limitations of theRead MoreEssay on Consciousness As Determined Th1030 Words   |  5 Pages Consciousness is understood in a variety of ways. In one belief, a person is conscious when awake, but unconscious when sleeping or comatose. Yet people also do things requiring perception and thought unconsciously even when they are awake. A person can be conscious of their physical surroundings, pain and even a wish or fantasy. In short a creature is conscious if it is aware of itself and that it is a physical and emotional being. Consciousness is a psychological condition defined by the EnglishRead MoreThe wonders of self awareness1468 Words   |  6 Pages Self-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals. In philosophy An early philosophical discussion of self-awareness is that of John Locke. Locke was apparently influenced by Renà © Descartes statement normally translated I think, therefore I am . In chapter XXVII On Identity and Diversity of Locke s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding he conceptualized consciousness as the repeatedRead MorePersonal Identity - Memory Theory vs Body Theory vs Soul Theory1634 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Identity REFERENCE: Perry, Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality. . Thesis . Identity refers to â€Å"a relation that everything has to itself and to no other thing†, and our perception of personal identity is the knowledge that we are ourselves, and who we have been – basically, that I am the same person I was last week, last year, etc. Leibniz’s Law states that if one thing (A) is identical to another (B) at one given point in time, they share the exact same properties, makingRead MorePostmodernism and Identity in Haruki Murakami’s Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World2797 Words   |  12 Pagesand Identity in Haruki Murakami’s Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World Since the Age of Enlightenment, the ideas of identity and consciousness have been explored by philosophers, psychologists, writers, and more. Since then, the definition of what identity is has changed and evolved, leaving the true, overarching definition unknown. In his novel Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World, Japanese author Haruki Murakami explores the ideas of identity and the consciousness throughRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : An Introduction2958 Words   |  12 Pagesovertime (Lerner, Lewin-Bizan, Warren, 2011). Most uniquely, it is a field that looks at change over time and what instigated those changes (Miller, 2011). The discipline itself has two main goals: to describe the behavior at each point in the person s development, and to identify the causal factors involved in producing changes in behavior (Vasta et al. 1998). Developmental psychology as a field has informed many other subfields of psychology as well including educational psychology, child psychopathologyRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesknowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems[8]. In this period the crucial features of the philosophical method were established: a critical approach to received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argumentation. [pic] [pic] St. Thomas Aquinas [edit] Medieval philosophy (c. A.D. 500–c. 1350) Main article: Medieval philosophy Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe and the Middle East during what

The Orlando Night Club Shooting - 2003 Words

Pearl Harbor. September 11. The Vietnam War. The Orlando night club shooting. All of these events relate to the dehumanization of Asian immigrants. America is considered to be a â€Å"melting pot† of cultures; however, there is no true harmonization and acceptance. Current media continues to dehumanize and depict many Asian Americans as monster and question their culture. Asian Americans are considered the â€Å"model minority† as they try to overcome the hared and prove their worth. However, Asian Americans are still not accepted. Within Jasmine by Bharati Mukherjee and No-No Boy by John Okada, they exhibited Asian American can put whatever effort to assimilate into the American culture but it will never be enough for their acceptance if only one†¦show more content†¦However, she later changes her identity again once in America. Once she encounters a near-rape experience from a mutilated man which results in her kills him. Jasmine is now striped of her old ide ntity by cutting her own tongue. The removal of her tongue coincide the silencing of Jasmine’s voice and completely removal of Jyoti’s identity. Killing a man is not something that suits Jyoti’s character as she is supposed to be submit to men. According to her culture, Jyoti needs to be pure in order to gain a man; once with a man then her life is fulfilled. However, once she killed the man, Jyoti can no longer submit and is also killed. Jasmine’s identity is essentially silenced, signified by the tongue cutting. Jasmine’s English abilities, her tone, and her passion is what brought her to Prakash. Yet once she experienced the dismay, she views herself no longer worthy of being Prakash’s, so Jasmine is silenced by cutting her own tongue. This can be view as the overall silencing of her own culture as after this event she does not speak of her culture until meeting Taylor. She tries to become a part of American by completely abandoning her o wn culture and tries to fill it later on with the American culture. This attempt is common within 1st generation of Asian Americans who try to immediately be a part of the American culture. Later on, Bud assumed ownership over her, he decided to rename her to Jane as in â€Å"Jane RussellShow MoreRelatedMass Shooting At A Gay Night Club Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesThe 2016 Orlando shooting at a gay night club is the largest mass shooting to take place in the United States of America (Duff, 2016, p. 193). It gained international media coverage and took social media by storm. Many theories can be applied to the shooting, specifically the strain theory and routine activity theory (Levin Madfis, 2009, p. 1227). The Shooting In the early morning of June 12, 2016, a single shooter killed 49 people and wounded an additional 53 people at a Pulse, a popular gayRead MoreMass Shootings : An Act Of Terrorism1433 Words   |  6 PagesMass Shootings (Overview) Mass shootings have become a disturbing trend that is on the rise. They can happen in places like Sports stadiums, Clubs, Schools, shopping centers, movie theaters, and even concerts. A mass shooting can be committed by either an individual or an organization. In recent times terrorist groups have used the tactic of mass shootings to fulfill their political aim. A person who commits a mass shooting could be a terrorist or a random stranger. Ironically, some people can mistakeRead MoreMedia Influences On Our Perception, Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs1650 Words   |  7 Pagesperception, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about certain things that take place. June 12, 2016 was a tragic night at Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old security guard, initiated a terrorist attack, killing 49 people and wounding 53. He used an AR-15-style rifle and a handgun to carry out the attack. The hate crime took place just shortly before the club was supposed to cl ose. When people started hearing bullets being shot, they started to hide under the bar, onRead MoreThe Game Of The Pulse Orlando Shooting994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pulse Orlando shooting was one of the deadliest shootings to happen this year. There were so many lives lost because of one man’s hatred towards a certain group of people. The shooter himself dedicated countless hours to plan his attack on the club. Hate crimes happen all the time in the United States, too many. Many people lost their lives, the shooter was well informed on how to execute his plan, and this shooting was yet another example of a hate crime. In total, 49 people lost theirRead MoreThe Death Of Omar Mateen Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesOn June 12, 2016 a 29 year old man named Omar Mateen walked into Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida and killed 50 people and wounded 53 people. Omar Mateen was a security guard wanting a future in law enforcement. Pulse is a popular gay nightclub and Mateen entered the nightclub around 2 a.m. with both a handgun and a rifle. He began shooting anyone and everyone in the dark and loud nightclub while people ran to hide and protect themselves from getting shot. Some people used bodies around them toRead MoreCritical Opinion On Critical Thinking1585 Words   |  7 Pagesunder the recent mass shooting tragedy that took place in Orlando. On Sunday, June 12, 2016, the horrific tragedy killed forty-nine people and wounded another fifty-three. This tragedy, known throughout the world as â€Å"The Orlando Massacre,† deeply affected me on a personal level because Orlando is my home. In Orlando, the party scene happens on Saturday nights. Girls and guys get dressed up to hit the clubs in the downtown area. Everything seemed normal late that Saturday night and into the earlyRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Gun Control Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthe purchase, sale, and use of guns in America. According to Alexander Lee, the political and social debate over the question of how much gun control is appropriate and it has been regularly discussed within the last decade. Shootings such as Sandy Hook, and Tucson shootings have raised the government’s awareness on guns and possible restrictions and regulations. Gun talks are discussed with the question, â€Å"Will controlling guns cut back on violent crime rates?† Although many guns are open to beRead MoreAnalysis Of Herbert Blumer s Social Movement1738 Words   |  7 Pagesreinforcements add a positive stimulus or remove a negative stimulus to reinforce behavior. At the New York City Pride March in Ju ne of 2016, many marchers chose to don a bright orange shirt with the phrase, â€Å"one pulse† in honor of the shooting at the gay club â€Å"pulse† in Orlando (Etman, 2016). Onlookers of the march would view this bright orange at a variable-interval reinforcement schedule because after variable amount of time they may see a variable number of matching orange shirts. Every time an onlookerRead MoreMass Shootings In America Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 1, 2017 America was, yet again, devastated when Las Vegas suffered the United States worst mass shooting. One man killed over 50 people and injured 527. After he was finished firing from the 39th floor of the Mandalay Bay Resort, he committed suicide. His name was Stephan Paddock (Yan and Park). When most people think of a mass shooting, they think of a terroristic act or someone shooting at a large group of innocent citizens, like Columbine High School or Sandy Hook Elementary School. In actualityRead MoreCorr uption Or Truth : Westboro Baptist Church1115 Words   |  5 Pages(Wikipedia). The westboro Baptist Church’s first public service was held on November 27, 1955(Wikipedia). This was the first time the church publicly condemned the world. Most recently the Westboro Baptist Church have agreed with the shooting at the Pulse Night Club in Orlando, Florida stating that God sent Omar Mateen to kill the gays because â€Å"God hates fags.† While other churches preach about loving one another as god has loved them, the westboro baptist church states that people should love one another

Psychophysics Essay Example For Students

Psychophysics Essay Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesIt is impossible to rigorously prove or substantiate the existence of a Soul, a psyche. Numerous explanations have been hitherto offered:That what we, humans, call a soul is the way that we experience the workings of our brain (introspection experienced). This oftenleads to infinite regressions. That the soul is an epiphenomenon, the software result of a hardware complexity (much the same way as temperature, volume andpressure are the epiphenomena of a large number of gas molecules). That the soul does exist and that it is distinct from the body in substance (or lack of it), in form (or lack of it) and in the set of lawsthat it obeys (spiritual rather than physical). The supporters of this camp say that correlation is not causation. In other words, the electrochemical activity in the brain, which corresponds to mental phenomena does not mean that it IS the mental phenomena. Mental phenomena do have brain (hardware) correlates but these correlates need not be confused with the mental phenomena themselves. Still, very few will dispute the strong connection between body and soul. The psychic activity was attributed to the heart, the liver, even to some glands. Nowadays it is attributed to the brain, apparently with better reasons. Since the body is a physical object, subject to physical laws, it follows that at least the connection between the two (body and soul) must obey the laws of physics. Another question is what is the currency used by the two in their communication. Physical forces are mediated by subatomic particles. What serves to mediate between body and soul ?Language could be the medium and the mediating currency. It has both an internal, psychic representation and an objective, external one. It serves as a bridge between our inner emotions and cognition and the outside, physical world. It originates almost non-physically (a mere thought) and has profound physical impacts and effects. It has quantum aspects combined with classical determinism. We propose that what we call the Subconscious and the Pre-Conscious (Threshold of Consciousness) are but Fields of Potentials organized in Lattices. Potentials of what?To represent realities (internal and external alike), we use language. Language seems to be the only thing able to consistently link our internal world with our physical surroundings. Thus, the potentials ought to be Lingual Energy Potentials. When one of the potentials is charged with Lingual Energy in Freuds language, when cathexis happens it becomes a Structure. The atoms of the Structures, their most basic units, are the Clusters. The Cluster constitutes a full cross cut of the soul : instinct, affect and cognition. It is hologramic and fractalic in that it reflects though only a part the whole. It is charged with the lingual energy which created it in the first place. The cluster is highly unstable (excited) and its lingual energy must be discharged. This lingual energy can be released only in certain levels of energy (excitation) according to an Exclusion Principle. This is reminiscent of the rules governing the world of subatomic particles. The release of the lingual energy is Freuds anti-cathexis. The lingual energy being what it is it can be discharged only as language elements (its excitation levels are lingual). Put differently: the cluster will lose energy to the environment (=to the soul) in the shape of language (images, words, associations). The defence mechanisms, known to us from classical psychology projection, identification, projective identification, regression, denial, conversion reaction, displacement, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation, repression, inhibition, anxiety and a host of other defensive reactions are but sentences in the language (valid strings or theorems). Projection, for instance, is the sentence : It is not my trait it is his trait. Some mechanisms the notable examples are rationalization and intellectualization make conscious use of language. Whereas the levels of excitation (lingual discharge) are discrete (highly specific) the discharged energy is limited to certain, specific, language representation. These are the Allowed Representations. They are the only ones allowed (or enabled, to borrow from computers) in the Allowed Levels of Excitation. This is the reason for the principles of Disguise (camouflage) and Substitution. An excitation is achieved only through specific (visual or verbal) representations (the Allowed Representations). If two potentials occupy the same Representational levels they will be interchangeable. Thus, one lingual potential will be able to assume the role of another. Each cluster can be described by its own function (Eigenfunktion). This explains the variance between humans and among the intra-psychic representations. When a cluster is realized when its energy has been discharged in the form of an allowed lingual representation it reverts to the state of a lingual potential. This is a constant, bi-directional flow : from potential to cluster and from cluster to potential. The initial source of energy, as we said, is what we absorbed together with lingual representations from the outside. Lingual representations ARE energy and they are thus assimilated by us. An exogenic event, for this purpose, is also a language element (consisting of a visual, three dimensional representation). So, everything around us infuses us with energy which is converted into allowed representations. On the other hand, language potentials are charged with energy, become clusters, discharge the lingual energy through an allowed representation of the specific lingual energy that they possess and become potentials once more. When a potential materializes that is, when it becomes a cluster after being charged with lingual energy a Potential Singularity remains where once the materialized potential existed. The person experiences this singularity as an anxiety and does his utmost to convert the cluster back into a potential. This effort is the Repression Defence Mechanism. So, the energy used during repression is also the lingual kind. When the energy with which the cluster is charged is discharged, at the allowed levels of representation (that is to say, through the allowed lingual representations), the cluster is turned back into a potential. This, in effect, is repression. The anxiety signifies a state of schism in the field of potentials. It, therefore, deserves the name :Signal Anxiety, used in the professional literature. The signal anxiety designates not only a hole in the field of potentials but also a Conflict. How come ?The materialization of the potential (its transformation into a cluster) creates a change in the Language Field. Such a change can lead to a conflict with a social norm, for instance, or with a norm, a personal value, or with an inhibition all being lingual representations. Such a conflict ostensibly violates the conditions of the field and leads to anxiety and to repression. Freuds Id, Ego and Superego are now easily recognizable as various states of the language field. The Id represents all the potentials in the field. It is the principle by which the potentials are charged with lingual energy. Id is, in other words, a field equation which dictates the potential in every point of the field. The Ego is the interaction between the language field and the world. This interaction sometimes assumes the form of a conscious dialogue. The Superego is the interaction between the language field and the representations of the world in the language field (that is to say, the consequences of repression). All three are, therefore, Activation Modes. Each act of repression leaves traces in its wake. The field is altered by the act of repression and, this way, preserves the information related to it. The sum of all repressions creates a representation of the world (both internal and external) in the field. This is the Superego, the functional pattern of the field of potentials (the subconscious or the regulatory system). The field plays constant host to materializing potentials (=the intrusion of content upon consciousness), excitation of allowed lingual (=representational) levels (=allowed representations) and realization of structures (their reversal to a state of being potentials). It is reality which determines which excitation and representation levels are the allowed ones. The complex of these processes is Consciousness and all these functions together constitute the Ego or the Administrative System. The Ego is the functional mode of consciousness. The activities in reality are dictated both by the field of potentials and by the materializing structures but the materialization of a structure is not a prerequisite for action. The Id is a wave function, the equation describing the state of the field. It details the location of the potentials that can materialize into structures. It also lists the anxiety producing potential singularities into which a structure can be realized and revert to being a potential. An Association is the reconstruction of all the allowed levels of excitation (=the allowed representations of the lingual energy) of a specific structure. Different structures will have common excitation levels at disparate times. Once structures are realized and thus become potentials they go through the excitation level common to them and to other structures. This way they alter the field (stamp it) in an identical manner. In other words : the field will remember similarly those structures which pass through a common excitation level in an identical manner. The next time that the potential materializes and becomes one of these structures all the other twin structures will be charged with an identical lingual energy. They will all be evoked together as a Hypercluster. Another angle: when a structure is realized and comes back to being a potential, the field is stamped. When the same Stamp is shared by a few structures they form a Potential Hypercluster. From then on, whenever one of the potentials, which is a member in the Potential Hypercluster, materializes and becomes a structures it drags with it all the other potentials which also become structures (simultaneously). Potential Hyperclusters materialize into Hyperclusters whereas single Potentials materialize into Clusters. The next phase of complexity is the Network (a few Hyperclusters together). This is what we call the Memory operations. Memorizing is really the stamping of the field with the specific stamps of the structures (actually, with the specific stamps of their levels of excitation). Our memory uses lingual representations. When we read or see something, we absorb it into the Field of Potentials (the Language Field). The absorbed energy amalgamates, out of the Field of Potentials, a structure or a hypercluster. This is the process of Imprinting. The resultant structure is realized in our brain through the allowed levels of excitation (=using the allowed lingual representations), is repressed, stamps the field (=creates a memory) and rejoins the field as a potential. The levels of excitation are like Strings that tie the potentials to each other. All the potentials that participate in a given level of excitation (=of representation) of the language -will become a hypercluster during the phase of materialization. This also is the fields organizational principle:The potentials are aligned along the field lines (=the levels of excitation specific to these potentials). The connection between them is through the lingual energy but it is devoid of any specific formal logic (mechanic or algorithmic). Thus, if potential P1 and potential P2 pass through the same excitation level on their way to becoming structures, they will organize themselves along the same line in the field and will become a hypercluster or a network when materializing. They can, however, relate to each other a-logically (negation or contradiction) and still constitute a part of the same hypercluster. Leadership Essay PaperThe litmus test is: minimum energy with maximum energy (coherence and cohesiveness). Structures whose level of energy (excitation) is less than the new structure, will be detached from the new hyperstructures created in order to accommodate it (Denial) or will be incorporated into other hyperstructures (Forced Matching). A hyperstructure which contains at least one structure which was attached to it in a process of forced matching is a Forced Hyperstructure. The new hyperstructure must be energetically stable while the forced hyperstructure must be energetically unstable. This is why the forced hyperstructure will pop into consciousness (be excited) more often than other hyperstructures, including the new ones. This is the essence of a defence mechanism : an automatic pattern of thinking or acting which is typified by its rigidity, repetitiveness, compulsiveness and behaviour and mental narrowing effects. The constant instability is experienced as tension and anxiety. A lack of internal consistency and limited connections are the results. Myers (1982) Distinguishes between 3 components : emotions (=potentials), cognitions (=structures) and interpretations (hyperstructures), memory (the stamping). Minsky (1980) The memory is a complete conscious state and it is reconstructed as such. In our terminology : the structure is hologramic and fractal-like. Lazarus The cognition (=the structure) leads to an emotions (=decays into a potential). This is a partial description of the process and its second leg only. Zajonc (1980) Emotions (=potentials) precede cognitions (=structures). An emotion is based on an element of energy and the cognition is based on an element of information. This distinction seems superfluous. Information is also energy packed and ordered in a manner which enables the (appropriately trained) human brain to identify it as such. Information, therefore, is the name that we give to a particular mode of delivery of energy. Eisen (1987) Emotions influence the organization of cognitions and allows for further inter-cognitive flexibility by encouraging their interconnectedness. My interpretation is different : emotions (=potentials) which organize themselves in structures are cognitions and the duality is deceiving. This also renders the question of what preceded what all but superfluous. See also: Piaget, Hays (1977), Marcus, Nurius, Loewenthal (1979). Greenberg and Safran The emotions are automatic responses to events. The primordial emotion is a biological (that is to say physical) mechanism. It reacts to events and endows them with meaning and sense. It, therefore, assists in the processing of information. The processing is speedy and based on responses to a limited set of attributes. The emotional reaction is the raw material for the formation of cognitions. As opposed to Loewenthal, I distinguish the processing of data within the field of potentials (=processing of potentials) and the processing of data through structures (=structural processing). Laws of transformation and conservation of energy prevail between the two types of processing. The energy is information or lingual energy. The processing of the potentials is poor and stereotypical and its influence is mainly motoric. The structural processing is rich and spawns additional structures and alterations to the field itself. Horowitz (1988) All states of consciousness act in concert. When transition between these states occurs, all the components change simultaneously. Gestalt The organism tends to organize the stimuli in its awareness in the best possible manner (the euformic or eumorphic principle). The characteristics of the organization are : simplicity, regularity, coordination, continuity, proximity between components, clarity. In short, it adopts the optimal Path of Least Resistance (PLR), or path of minimum energy (PME). Epstein (1983) The processes of integration (assimilation) and differentiation (accommodation) foster harmony. Disharmony is generated by repeating a fixed pattern without any corresponding accommodative or assimilative change. Filter is a situation wherein a structure in PLR/PME materializes every time as the default structure. It, therefore, permanently occupies certain levels of excitation, preventing other structures from materializing through them. This also weakens the stamping process. The Bauer Model of Memory Organization (1981) Our memory is made of units (=representations which are the stampings of structures on the field). When one unit is activated, it activates other units, linked to it by way of association. There are also inhibitory mechanisms which apply to some of these links. A memory unit activates certain units while simultaneously inhibiting others. The stamped portion of the field of potentials which materializes into a structure does so within a hyperstructure and along a string which connects similar or identical stamped areas. All the stamped areas which are connected to a hyperstructure materialize simultaneously and occupy allowed levels of excitation. This way, other structures are prevented from using the same levels of excitation. Indeed, it is a situation of activation and inhibition, or prevention, simultaneously. The Model of Internal Compatibility A coherent experience has an affective dimension (=potential), a dimension of meaning (=structure) and of memory (=stamping). Awareness is created when there is compatibility between these dimensions (=when the structures materialize and de-materialize, are realized, without undergoing changes). The subconscious is a state of incompatibility. This forces the structures to change, it provokes denial, or forced adjustment until compatibility is obtained. Emotions relate to appropriate meanings and memories (=potentials become structures which are, as we said, hologramic and of fractal nature). There are also inter-experiential knots : emotions, meanings and / or memories which interlink. A constant dynamics is at play. Repressions, denials and forced adjustments break structures apart and detach them from each other. This reduces the inner complexity and internal poverty results. The Pathology according to Epstein (1983) When mental content (events) is rejected from consciousness (=a potential which does not materialize). Mental content which cannot be assimilated because it does not fit in. There is no structure appropriate to it and this entails rewiring and the formation of unstable interim structures. The latter are highly excitable and tend to get materialized and realized in constant, default, levels of excitation. This, in turn, blocks these levels of excitation to other structures. These are the mental defence mechanisms. Pre-verbal and a-verbal (=no structure materializes) processing.In this article, (1) and (3) are assumed to be 2 facets of the same thing. Kilstrom (1984) A trauma will tear apart the emotional side of the experience from its verbal-cognitive one (=the potential will never materialize and turn into a structure). Bauer (1981)Learning and memory are situational context dependent. The more the learning is conducted in surroundings which remind the student of the original situation the more effective it proves to be. A context is an exogenic event whose energy evokes hyperstructures/networks along a string. The more the energy of the situation resembles (or is identical to) the energy of the original situation the more effectively will the right string resonate. This would lead to an Optimal Situational Resonance. Eisen It is the similarity of meanings which encourages memorizing. In my terminology : structures belong to the same hyperstructures or networks along a common string in the field of potentials). Bartlett (1932) and Nacer (1967) Memory does not reflect reality. It is its reconstruction in light of the attitude towards it and it changes according to circumstances. The stamping is reconstructed and is transformed into a structure whose energies are influenced by its environment. Kilstrom (1984) Data processing is a process in which stimuli from the outer world are absorbed, go through an interpretative system, are classified, stored and reconstructed in memory. The subconscious is part of the conscious world and it participates in its design through the processing of the incoming stimuli and their analyses. This processing and analysis are mostly unconscious, but they have influence. Data is stored in three foci:The first one is in the Sensuous Storage Centre. This is a subconscious registry and it keeps in touch with higher cognitive processes (=the imprinting of events in the field of potentials). This is where events are analysed to their components and patterns and meaning is bestowed upon them. Primary (short term) Memory is characterized by the focusing of attention, conscious processing (=the materialization of a structure) and repetition of the material stored. Long Term Storage readily available to consciousness. We differentiate three types of memory : not reconstructible (=no stamping was made), reconstructible from one of the storage areas (=is within a structure post stamping) and memory on the level of sensual reception and processing. The latter is left as a potential, does not materialize into a structure and the imprinting is also the stamping. The data processing is partly conscious and partly subconscious. When the structure is realized, a part remains as a potential. Material which was processed in the subconscious cannot be consciously reconstructed in its subconscious form. A potential, after all, is not a structure. The stimuli, having passed through sensual data processing and having been transformed into processed material they constitute a series of assumptions concerning the essence of the received stimulus. Imprinting the field of potentials creates structures using lingual energy. Meichenbaum and Gilmore (1984) They divide the cognitive activity in three components:Events, processes and cognitive structures. An event means activity (=the materialization of potentials into structures). A process is the principle according to which data are organized, stored and reconstructed, or the laws of energetic transition from potential to structure. A cognitive structure is a structure or pattern which receives data and alters both the data and itself (thus influencing the whole field). External data are absorbed by internal structures (=imprinting) and are influenced by cognitive processes. They become cognitive events (=the excitation of a structure, the materialization into one). In all these, there is a subconscious part. Subconscious processes design received data and change them according to pre-determined principles : the data storage mechanisms, the reconstruction of memory, conclusiveness, searching and review of information. Three processes shape the interpretation of information : the principle of availability is the first one. The individual relates to the available information and not necessarily to the relevant one and this is the default of structures. The principle of representation: relating to information only if it matches conscious data. This principle is another rendition of the PLR/PME principle. It does take less energy and it does provoke less resistance to select only conforming data. The last is the principle of affirmation : the search for an affirmation of a theory or a hypothesis concerning reality, bringing about, in this way, the affirmation of the theorys predictions. Bauers (1984) Distinguishes two kinds of knowledge and lack of it : Distinction, Lack of Distinction, Understanding, Lack of Understanding. Perception is the processing of information and consciousness is being aware of perception. The focusing of attention transforms perception (=imprinting and the evocation of a structure) into a conscious experience (=the materialization of a structure). Perception antecedes awareness. The subconscious can be divided to four departments:Sub-threshold perception, Memory/Forgetfulness, Repression and Dissociation. There is no full distinction between them and there are cross-influences. The distinction between repression and dissociation: in repression there is no notice of anxiety producing content. In dissociation, the internal ties between mental or behavioural systems is not noted (and there is no obscuring or erasure of content). Intuition is intellectual sensitivity to information coming from the external or from the internal surroundings though this information was not yet clearly registered. It channels the study of the world and the observations which must lead to deep insights. This, in effect, is awareness of the process of materialization. Attention is focused on the materialization rather on the structure being materialized.