Prohobition Essays - 1189 Words

PROHIBITION In all probability, no one thing gave more character to the era known as the ‘Roaring 20s’, than what was called ‘the long dry spell’ (a.k.a. Prohibition). Prohibition was the result, of the longstanding efforts, by largely Protestant religious groups, who had preached temperance since the early colonial period. What had been known as the temperance movement came to be a drive for all out prohibition right about the turn of the century. From about 1900-1904 there was a dramatic turn of events in which the Anti-Saloon League changed its goals from social reform to legislate reform, and came to have a fair amount of influence in this country’s politics. The League originated in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1887-88. At the time†¦show more content†¦Not, however, that it was illegal to consume alcohol. In fact, it was only the manufacturing and sale of alcohol that was illegal. Anything bought before the amendment was instituted was perfectly le gal. But, as there was no bottomless pit of alcohol anywhere to be found, the supply would obviously run out. So, despite the fact that it was illegal people had to keep it flowing. Beer, however, was another story and will be explored in a bit. Initially, during Prohibition alcohol consumption did drop. What is not often realized, however, is that it had, in fact been dropping for nearly a decade precedent to legislation (p.70 USA Today 1992 v120n2562). It did come to rise above pre-amendment levels by the time it was repealed. Alcohol also became more dangerous to consume. It was during this day and age that journalist Richard Cowan came up with his Iron Law of Prohibition. It states that the more intense the law enforcement, the more potent the prohibited substance becomes. Because it was prohibited there were no governing bodies to regulate its production. With no regulations, potency varied greatly and the death rate from liquor poisoning rose from 1064 in 1920 to 4154 in 1925 (p.71). Crime grew and became ‘organized’. It’s during this era that we first hear of the Mafia (in strength in the United States anyway. Actually it had existed since about the 9th century on the isle of Sicily),

Timeless Aspects of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles...

Timeless Aspects of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright, if not the greatest writer in the history of literature. His criticisms of society in his works have passed the â€Å"test of time,† and still are as significant today as they were when they were first written. There are many similarities in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare, and Trifles by Susan Glaspell, written in the early 20th century, that further support the timelessness of Shakespeare’s works. Despite the fact that Shakespeare’s Hamlet was written many centuries ago, his analyses of certain values in society are not only similar to those portrayed in the much more recent play, Trifles, but also†¦show more content†¦Wright. Unaware of this clue, the men struggle, and end up with no evidence to prove who murdered John Wright. Furthermore, in Trifles, the mistreatment that Mrs. Wright has endured from her husband, which has turned her into a different person from her former s elf, Minnie Forster, is often overlooked. In fact, John Wright has â€Å"extinguished† â€Å"the light† (Boyle 57) in Mrs. Wright’s eyes, much like the Astronomer has done to his wife in â€Å"Astronomer’s Wife.† The little things around the house, especially the bird that the women find dead, with its neck broken, symbolize Mrs. Wright’s mistreatment. According to D. C. Browning in Dictionary of Literary Biography, â€Å"the bird is a symbol for all that was Mrs. Wright, and its death represents the death of Mrs. Wright’s spirit.† Similarly, in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Prince of Denmark women are also put in inferior roles. One example of this is Ophelia, and how her brother, Laertes, and father, Polonius, take many of the decisions in her life. Polonius often dictates her life by telling her what she cannot do. This occurs when Polonius decides he does not want his daughter near Hamlet, and orders Ophelia to stay away from him. Later in the play, Hamlet approaches Ophelia and she immediately reports to Polonius saying, â€Å"No, my good lord, but, as you did command, /Show MoreRelatedEssay about Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles2666 Words   |  11 PagesTreatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Of all Shakespeare’s thirty-seven plays, perhaps the best known and loved is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Many people think that it is unforgettable because of its poetic language and style. But, while these are factors that mark the play as a classic, it remains timeless because it explores many of the issues that are still important to people today. These issues, including loyalty to family and country, protecting loved ones, and deception are still

Contemporary Economic Ethics and Business Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Economic Ethics and Business Ethics. Answer: Introduction The main aim of a business is to satisfy the customers and stay ahead of the competitors in the market. Every business owner always employs new techniques to perform better than their competitors and thereby gain more customers from the market than the competitors. Various business owners utilize different steps with respect to gaining advantage in the market and to stand out in the market at the same time. However, standing out in the crowd can at times turn negative if the business owner does not take proper measures to carry out the business operations. According to Audi (2012) because of tough conditions in the external market, there is an urge to gain more profit from the business. Many a times, the business owners indulge in some unethical activities. The activities may help the organization to gain immediate profit but does not help the society as a whole (Rutherford et al. 2012). One such example is the emission scandal of Volkswagen that happened in the United States. Volkswagen used a faulty engine that would show that the emission level of the cars is much lesser than what it is emitting in real. The faulty engines were cheaper than the original ones and they were able to incur more profit from the market. However, Volkswagen was carrying out the unethical way of doing business for a huge period. The report will look into the actions of Volkswagen and the steps taken by the organization to hide unethical activities. The report will talk about the ethical dilemma faced by the employees of organization and the organization as a whole. The report will further evaluate the ethical theories that will be able to explain the actions taken by the employees of the organization. The way Volkswagen had handled the situation will also be discussed in the report. Even though the event had taken place in the United States, the report will talk about the implications of the event if it had taken place in the Australian market. Nature of dilemma The nature of ethical dilemma suffered by the chief executive of Volkswagen, Martin Winterkorn was whether to submit to the unethical approach or to follow his duty and obligation (BBC News 2015). He added that he was shocked by the news of Volkswagen failing the emission test and he was carrying out his duty. The software in the car was installed to cheat the emission test that is being carried out to test the intensity of the smoke emitted by the car. When the software has been installed in the car, the car would be able to pass the emission test. As a result, even if any of the parts of the car was faulty and emitted smoke above the permissible levels as suggested by the government, the company passed the emission test without being caught. It would help the operation to be cost effective. The faulty parts would be cheaper than the original parts. Hence, the organization would be able to make more profit by using the faulty parts than fitting the original parts. The management of the organization would be in an ethical dilemma between fairness and unfairness as well (Bunge 2012). Every organization aims at gaining more profit from the operations. However, by adhering to the unethical means, they would get better profit and be able to pay the employees well. On the other hand, every organization should adhere to fair means to carry out the operations of the organization (Acevedo 2012). In addition to this, adhering to unfair means might end up the company in legal procedures. Background information The sale of diesel cars was on a high in the market of the United States. In addition to this, Volkswagen was promoting the cars by stating the fact that the cars are low on emission. As a result, a huge number of cars were sold due to the promotions. It has been believed that a chain of mismanagement has been happening in the organization starting from the supply of the parts, manufacturing of the products, testing the cars and finally launching them in the market. When the cars were being tested under controlled laboratory situation, they were applying a stationary test rig and the car was operating well. However, when similar cars are being launched in road, they went out of test mode. As a result, they started emitting pollution than it should do as per the environmental standards. The faulty engines emitted more than 40 times nitrogen oxide pollutant than the government of the United States permitted. The main reason behind the scandal was that the company was not being able to find a solution to the time-frame and budget set for the business of the company (Hotten 2015). Competitions are always high in the market of the United States and hence they had to launch the cars within the given time-frame to stay ahead of the competitors in the market of the United States. However, the Environmental Protection Agencyof the United States tightened and it became tough for Volkswagen to maintain the standard set by the agency. Breaching of regulation or law By using the faulty engines to pass the emission test easily, Volkswagen has been able to gain more profit within the given period of business. In addition to this, they have been able to get the engines fitted within a cheaper budget. However, the actions of Volkswagen have breached the laws and regulations set by the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) of the United States. For the vehicles that are being manufactured in the year 2004, the bar for the amount pollution that could be released by the cars in the road was raised by the agency. The bar was almost impossible for any engineer to meet and design the engines so that they emit less smoke than the higher limit. During 1970s, Environmental Protection Agencyhas implemented even tighter standards for the lightweight vehicles like, cars, small trucks used for pickups and the vehicles for sport utility. However, the policy implemented by the agency is the tightest of all. The agency has slashed the level of emission by 94 percent (Goodman 2015). Initially the permissible limit of emission of nitrogen dioxide was 1.25 grams of the gas for every mile. The mark was slashed to 0.07 grams per mile. The dangerous smoke emitted from the tailpipes are polluting the environment and hence posing a threat to the health of the people and other living beings in the environment. Affected stakeholders The stakeholders who will be affected by the emissions scandal of Volkswagen are the shareholders of the company. The price of the shares of Volkswagen fell in a drastic manner after the news of emission scandal spread in the market (Bansal, Kingand Seijts 2015). Thus, the buyer of the shares who had immense hope on the profit made by the company lost hope and were not sure about the profit that Volkswagen will be able to make in the near future. The buyers or the consumers are the most important factors of a company (Giacalone and Promislo 2013). Hence, if the trusts of the customer are broken they will not able to trust the company in future. The consumers are a part of the shareholders of the company; the consumers will be affected, as they will understand that they paying the price for something that they are not being given any more (Floyd et al. 2013). Volkswagen might think the consumers are the willing buyers, but these customers are buying the car completely without being aware about the faulty parts with the car (Awstriae 2011). The people who are investing in the manufacture of the car will also suffer the loss of the emission scandal. They are investing the money with the expectation that they will earn good return for the investments. If they are unable to get proper return after the scandal they would no longer be interested in tying up with the ventures of the organization (Koslowski 2013). Finally, the employees can also be included as stakeholders (Gecrisk.com 2015). Hence, the future of the employees depends on the steps taken by an organization. If the organization does not carry out the business properly in the market, chances are high that the future of the employees will be a stake. Some of the other stakeholders whose relation with the company will be corroded are: The dealers The environment The executives and the management The board The regulators The lawyers and the consultants Other car manufacturers The social media and the media Unethical actions by the main actors The main person who has been accused in the case of Volkswagen emission scandal is Martin Winterkorn, the CEO of the company (Isidore, 2016). He resigned from the post just after the scandal caught the public eye. Even though, the CEO pleaded not guilty of the scandal, yet his actions could be termed unethical. It is impossible for an organization to carry out any work without the help of the CEO, is the head of any organization. The CEO was in an ethical dilemma to decide between self-interest and working for the people of the organization. Despite having knowledge about the manufacture of the faulty parts, the CEO choose to, it mainly because of the budget and the given period within which they had to complete the work (Gray, 2013). In addition to this, many other officials have been involved in the emission scandal by Volkswagen. Use of ethical theories The actions of Volkswagen are can be explained by the fowling theories of ethics: Normative theories of ethics The normative theory believes that the purpose of ethics is to provide the guidelines to resolve the conflict that an individual goes through to choose between the societal and individual interest (Shafer-Landau, 2012). The actions taken by Volkswagen can be explained by the normative theory of ethics. The senior management of the company mainly thought of the individual interest when he came to a conflict with the societal interest. They used to the faulty parts to launch the vehicle in the least possible time and did not think about the environmental factors. As they were able to make more profit by installing the faulty engines hence, they used the faulty engines. Consequentialist theory of Egoism The actions by Volkswagen can be further explained by the Consequentialist theory of Egoism. According to egoism, an action can be called right if yields positive consequences on a long-term basis (Timmons 2012). It might look not much profitable in the present but the actions will yield better results in the future. However, the success of the theory can be explained only if it is seen from the individual perspective. Non-consequentialist theory of Kant The non-consequentialist theory of Kant will be used to explain the unethical activity of the Volkswagen. According to Kant, an action can be unethical only when the result is unethical. When an individual undertakes an unethical action but the outcome is positive then the action can be called ethical as it is directed towards some good outcome (Shayo and Harel, 2012). However, Volkswagen adhered to unethical actions and the actions neither yielded any positive result. Thus, the actions of Volkswagen can be termed as unethical in nature. Hence, it can be seen that the actions Volkswagen is mainly for the benefit for the organization than the benefit for the consumers or the society. The actions by Volkswagen cannot be justified, as the actions no way portray any good work for the people and society either in the short-term or in the long-term basis (Weiss 2014). The only people who will be benefitted by the emission scandal of the Volkswagen are the people who would prefer platinum to other valuable metals (Ghosal, 2015). Surprisingly, the price of platinum fell drastically just after the emission scandal of Volkswagen was revealed. The platinum price fell drastically in India. The price of platinum was around Rs. 25,000 per 10 gram when it was Rs. 26,580 per 10 gram. Another country, which experienced a fall in the price of the platinum, is China. Platinum is used as autocatalytic converter in the diesel cars. The revelation of the emission scandal that resulted in recall of 11 million cars from the road affected the price of platinum. Evaluation of the actions of the organization The organization behaved ethically after the unethical activities of the company came into light. Instead of taking part in any blame game, they took actions so that no such models are manufactured in the future (Hoffman, Frederick and Schwartz 2014). In addition to this, the funds of the organization were used to compensate for the stakeholders affected in the emission scandal. The company had to do a settlement of $15 billion to compensate the loss of the car owners in the United States, solve the issues of the cars and see that the level of emission was lowered and fines were paid to the environmentalist for the launching the higher emission models in the society. The organization could have indulged in the blame game by blaming the suppliers or the management who manage the place where the manufacturing of the cars take place but they did not do so (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald 2014). In addition to this, they did not pay any further money to cover up the emission scandal. Thus, it can be said that even though they took the help of the unethical actions, yet they handled the situation post the revelation was ethical in nature. Resolving the dilemma The initial dilemma that was posed on Volkswagen was not resolved effectively. The dilemma that the company was facing was concerned with employing fair and unfair means in their business. However, they chose self-interest and benefit and fitted the faulty engines in the cars. As a result, the company faced serious problems in the future. They could have used the original engines and that would have kept them away from such scandals (Rutherford et al., 2012). They chose individual benefit over societal benefit and used the faulty engines to gain more profit. However, the ethical issues were resolved effectively in the future once the emission scandal came to light. It was commendable on the part of the company to take the blame and compensate for the faulty cars. They repaired some cars, refunded some money and promised to give another model in exchange of the one that they were using. They even settled the terms with the environmentalist. It took some days to bounce back to the original position but the customers would have been able to trust the company in the future because of the steps taken by the company to satisfy the stakeholders (Giacalone and Promislo 2013). Implications of dilemma on ethical standard of Australia If any of the company in Australia indulges in any of the unethical activities then the consumers of Australia have the right to get a refund of the money that they paid for the products. The Australian government implemented the law on 11 January in the year, 2011 (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012). The consumer will get a replacement of the products that are defected. However, no repair or refund is guaranteed if the consumer changes his or her mind. Thus, the action undertaken by Volkswagen after the revelation of the problems is perfect for the Australian government as well. The competition law as implemented by the government of Australia asks the business owners to operate in the market in a fair manner and not take the help of unethical means to trade or operate in the market (Austrade.gov.au 2016). Hence, if Volkswagen had carried out the emission scandal in Australia then could have been punished for the violating the competition laws. The actions taken by Volkswagen cannot be justified by them based on the consumer laws as implemented by then government of Australia (Audi 2012). Hence, as per the government of Australia as well, Volkswagen needs to be punished for the act resulting in the emission scandal. Conclusion After going through the actions taken by Volkswagen and the consequences it can be concluded that the actions of Volkswagen cannot be justified as far as the business ethics are concerned. The ethical theory by Kant says that an unethical behavior can be justified if the result of the behavior is ethical. However, the result of the unethical actions taken by Volkswagen cannot be justified in any light. The ethical dilemma a faced by the organization is to choose between duty and obligation, and fairness and unfairness. The faulty engines helped the organization to gain huge amount of profit but in turn polluted the environment to a high level. The organization mainly thought of the individual benefit while using the faulty engines that was able to pass emission test. The actions of Volkswagen was explained by the normative theory, the consequentialist theory if egoism and the non- consequentialist theory of Kant. However, the positive part of Volkswagen is that it took the help of et hical actions to resolve the unethical issues. After the revelation of the matter, it compensated the loss of many stakeholders and recalled many models from the road. In addition to this, it did not blame any of the suppliers or manufacturers but silently took the blame. Even though, the emission scandal took place in the United States, yet if the action is being evaluated based on the market of Australia, the company could faced trial for violating the competition law and the actions taken by Volkswagen could be justified by the consumer rights law. On one hand, the company adhered to the consumer rights laws and gave the compensation, while on the other they violated the fair trading law and could be punished if they were operating in Australia. References Acevedo, A. 2012. Personalist business ethics and humanistic management: Insights from Jacques Maritain.Journal of Business Ethics,105(2), 197-219. Audi, R. 2012. Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(02), 273-291. Austrade.gov.au,. 2016. Australian business and environment laws - Austrade. Austrade.gov.au. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Australian-business-and-environment-laws Australian Competition and Consumer Commission,. 2012.Repair, replace, refund.Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/repair-replace-refund Awstriae, V. 2011.Margin Call (2011) - Jeremy Irons - Kevin Spacey.YouTube. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=366DExfdQWM Bansal, T., King, M., and Seijts, G. 2015.The Volkswagen emissions scandal: A case study in corporate misbehaviour.The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-vw-emissions-scandala-case-study-in-what-not-to-do/article26550100/ BBC News,. 2015.Volkswagen chief executive Martin Winterkorn resigns - BBC News.BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34340997 Bunge, M. 2012.Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Ethics: The Good and The Right(Vol. 8). Springer Science and Business Media. Floyd, L. A., Xu, F., Atkins, R., and Caldwell, C. 2013. Ethical outcomes and business ethics: Toward improving business ethics education.Journal of business ethics,117(4), 753-776. Gecrisk.com,. 2015)THE VOLKSWAGEN EMISSIONS SCANDAL WILL BE ONE FOR THE BOOKS: The Long Term Effect on Stakeholder Trust.Gecrisk.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://gecrisk.com/gec_blog/the-volkswagen-emissions-scandal-will-be-one-for-the-books-the-long-term-effect-on-stakeholder-trust/ Ghosal, S. 2015.Volkswagen emissions scandal makes Platinum cheaper - The Economic Times.The Economic Times. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/volkswagen-emissions-scandal-makes-platinum-cheaper/articleshow/49238715.cms Giacalone, R. A., and Promislo, M. D. 2013. Broken when entering: The stigmatization of goodness and business ethics education.Academy of Management Learning and Education,12(1), 86-101. Goodman, L. 2015.Why Volkswagen Cheated.Newsweek. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/why-volkswagen-cheated-404891.html Gray, R. H. 2013. Business ethics and organisational change.Leadership and Organization Development Journal. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., and MacDonald, C. 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. McGraw-Hill. Hoffman, W. M., Frederick, R. E., and Schwartz, M. S. (Eds.). 2014.Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley and Sons. Hotten, R. 2015.Volkswagen: The scandal explained - BBC News.BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772 Isidore, C. 2016.Top Volkswagen executives accused of fraud in emission scandal.CNNMoney. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://money.cnn.com/2016/07/19/news/companies/volkswagen-top-executives-emissions-fraud/ Koslowski, P. (Ed.). 2013.Contemporary economic ethics and business ethics. Springer Science and Business Media. Rutherford, M. A., Parks, L., Cavazos, D. E., and White, C. D. 2012. Business ethics as a required course: Investigating the factors impacting the decision to require ethics in the undergraduate business core curriculum.Academy of Management Learning and Education,11(2), 174-186. Shafer-Landau, R. (Ed.). 2012.Ethical theory: an anthology(Vol. 13). John Wiley and Sons. Shayo, M., and Harel, A. 2012. Non-consequentialist voting.Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,81(1), 299-313. Timmons, M. 2012.Moral theory: an introduction. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Weiss, J. W. 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

The American Image of Alcohol

Rates of alcoholism in two countries compared to US Two countries where the drinking age is 16 include Germany and Luxembourg among others (Deutsche Welle, 2012). This age limit has allowed various individuals to legally access alcohol despite the warnings. Considerably, the rates of drinking alcohol has increased in both countries with Germany and Luxembourg rated fifth and fourth heaviest drinking countries in Europe after Hungary, Czech Republic and Ireland (Deutsche Welle, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Image of Alcohol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When compared to US, the drinking rates in these countries are still higher. It is notable that the drinking rates in US are increasingly considerable. This varies from one state to the next depending on the federal laws guiding the aspects of alcoholism in each state. It is important to agree that legal drinking age can contribute consider ably to the societal attitude towards drinking. Evidently, children from the concerned countries will grow knowing that alcohol is legalized and consumable. This will lead to youths indulging in drinking at younger ages. This will promote the provisions of drug abuse and addiction. The legal drinking age is influential and acts as one of the contributors to drug abuse and addiction noticed among the youths and minority groups. Alcohol Self-Assessment Test The questions provided in this test tend to unveil self-perceptions of addicts concerning alcoholic behaviors, the frequency at which they drink, and their experiences as drinkers (Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 2012). The test writer follows critical views of alcoholism ranging from social impacts to economic damages. Additionally, the questions reflect on societal views regarding alcoholism by trying to unearth social impacts that alcoholism fronts to the concerned drinkers. Comparing and contrasting ‘disease model of alcoho lism’ with ‘social-setting’ theory Since alcoholism is a form of addiction, it can be graded in the ‘disease model of addiction’ in order to illuminate most of its provisions. Firstly, it demands some biological contributions, which are triggered, steered, and nurtured by the environmental factors incorporating the societal factors. In comparison, when there is alcoholism in the social setting, there are higher chances that the concerned entities will comply to the disease models of alcoholism. Precisely, alcoholism (as an addiction factor) is promoted by the social-settings assumed by an individual. If an individual lives in a place where alcohol is promoted and embraced, there are higher chances that the concerned social-setting will trigger his/her addiction probabilities. This is promoted by the biological/genetic factors as claimed by the disease model of addiction. Benefits and drawbacks of controlled-drinking theory Controlled drinking has num erous benefits when considered critically. Firstly, the move can help in reducing the incidences of drug abuse and addiction. Young people will not indulge into drinking at their tender ages, a fact that promotes drug abuse and the alleged addiction (Peele Alexander, 2012). Additionally, such restriction serves as drug abuse prevention mechanisms since people will not attempt to break the law deliberately.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another benefit is that people will drink responsible thus reducing their indulgence into excessive drinking and alcoholism. This is quite beneficial to drunkards who can hardly control their drinking behaviors. Evidently, alcohol consumption requires stringent regulation in order to minimize irresponsible behaviors and the aspects of addiction. The drawbacks of controlled-drinking theory range from economic factors to social provisions. Whe n alcohol-drinking is controlled, it means that businesses dealing with alcohol will not boom. Concurrently, drinkers will not enjoy to their fullest and social aspects associated with alcohol will be compromised. References Deutsche Welle. (2012). The Highs and Lows of Germany’s Drinking Culture. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/the-highs-and-lows-of-germanys-drinking-culture/a-2226609 Palo Alto Medical Foundation. (2012). Alcohol Quiz. Retrieved from http://www.pamf.org/teen/risk/alcohol/quiz.html Peele, S. Alexander, B. (2012). The Meaning of Addiction. Retrieved from https://www.peele.net/lib/moa3.html This essay on The American Image of Alcohol was written and submitted by user Aaden Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to prepare for a final exam essays

How to prepare for a final exam essays Preparation is the key to success on the final. Experience has shown that students who have prepared for the final by completing all of their coursework achieve higher scores, Before preparation students should know what the exam will be, but alsoand more importantlyto keep it from becoming the center of your efforts. Read the texts for what they have to offerdo your best to understand them and bring your own experience to bear upon. Usually, every final exam includes two parts: the objective part and the subjective part. The best way to prepare for the objective portion of the final exam is to undertake a thorough review of the course content, particularly the primary text, with special consideration given to the learning objectives for each unit. You will also wish to review your assignments for the course, paying particular attention to any comments your tutor may have made. Additionally, the midterm exam is a good indicator of how well you remember the information. This will refresh your memory. As you work through the course you should have identified and strategized ways of dealing with your weaknesses. For the subjective part. There will be some short responses and full essay questions or just an essay. The final exam is cumulative, so not only the short responses but also the essay consist of questions in the whole course. You do have to show that you have understood the parts of it that you choose to discuss and that you can fit those parts into the basic scheme of the textsomething that must be done to provide context for quotations and perhaps as part of the rationale for the entire response. Write as simply and clearly as possible. Give any teacher a stack of exams, and the better grades will go to the ones that offer good content and sound style. A relatively brief, coherent, well-written and well-proofread essay is better than a rambling and vague one. Give thoughtful consideration to your testing envi...

The Visionary Constitution and America

The Visionary Constitution and America Free Online Research Papers In many ways our Constitution is very remarkable. It is visionary, and based on reality and compromise. This visionary document set up rules for government in the 18th century and rules for changing it for government in the future. A lot of the Articles and Amendments in the Constitution deal with the reality of life in America today. The Constitution is based on compromise that protects the rights of the states and the people. It was good for the country when there were only 13 states and it is good for the country now that we have 50 states. And it can change as our country changes. The Constitution is a visionary document because it has a process to change itself for the future. Article 5 says the Constitution can be amended through a two step process. For an Amendment to become part of the Constitution, two things have to happen: Congress or a State Convention has to propose and approve an amendment and three-fourths of the states have to ratify the amendment. The two step process makes it possible to change the Constitution and makes sure that the change is something the majority of the country wants. The writers of the Constitution made sure that the Constitution would be able to change as our country changed so it would last as our nation grew. The Constitution is a document that affects the reality of life. Article 4 requires the US to protect the states from violence and invasion. There have been times when the National Guard has been sent to protect citizens in the states. The New York National Guard was ordered to respond to the Rochester race riot in July of 1964. The California Army National Guard was mobilized during the Watts Riots, in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order. The Ohio Army National Guard was ordered to Kent State University to settle down anti-Vietnam War protests. The National Guard was sent to Little Rock, Arkansas in the 1950’s and the University of Mississippi in the 1960’s to protect individuals trying to integrate the schools there. The National Guard has been used to protect citizens from violence and to prevent violence from happening. The 2nd Amendment protects our right to bear and own guns in our homes. The Supreme Court upheld that right in the 2010 ca se of McDonald vs Chicago and the Castle Law that give us the right to use a gun to protect ourselves and our property also is based on the 2nd Amendment. In 1789 when the colonists met to discuss and create the Constitution, two plans were offered for how the legislative branch should be made up. James Madison presented the Virginia plan which stated that Congress would be made of two chambers and the representation in each chamber would be based on the population of the states. William Paterson came up with the New Jersey Plan which stated Congress would be made of one chamber and the representation would be equal for each state. The Great Compromise set up Congress with two chambers like the Virginia Plan proposed, with the House representation based on population and equal representation in the Senate like the New Jersey Plan proposed. A lot of the states thought that they would have to give up their rights to a strong government set up by the Constitution. The rights of the states and the people were protected in Article 10 which stated that any power not granted to the federal government belongs to the states or to the peopl e. States like California and Florida have been able to pass laws that Congress has not passed such as Jessica’s Law which increased the punishment for sex offenders. Proposition 8, the November 2008 California law that bans same sex marriages and the Arizona immigration law are two more examples of states passing individual laws for their states. The states’ right to do so is protected under Article 10. Even before the Constitution was completed it was based on compromise. The Constitution is visionary because even though it was written during the 18th century, it was written so that it could be good for the future. Through the rough times the Constitution creates a great government based on compromise. The Constitution deals with the reality of our everyday lives because it touches the lives of every American in some way: requiring the Government to protect us from violence, giving us the right to own guns in our homes for protection, giving states rights that the federal government does not have. The Constitution is remarkable because it will never be out of date. Our Constitution changes as our nation changes. 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Discuss the impact of the Broken Window Theory and how it directly Essay

Discuss the impact of the Broken Window Theory and how it directly impacts the Criminal Justice System today - Essay Example This theory was proposed by George Kelling and James Wilson. It suggests that a subset of society or society that seems and appears to be lawless may ultimately breed lawlessness (Kelling and Coles 11). It is a criminological theory of the signaling effect and norm setting of urban vandalism and disorder on additional anti-social behavior and criminal activities. The theory holds that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a condition that is well ordered can further stop escalation of minor and serious crime (Lilly, Cullen, and Richard 9). This paper will discuss the impact of the Broken Window Theory and how it has directly impacted on the Criminal Justice System in modern times. Since the Broken Window Theory was introduced by James Wilson and George Kelling in 1982, it has been a subject of huge public debate within the public sphere and in the social sciences. As a result, it has been used as a methodology and motivation for various reforms in the criminal justice system (Keizer 1681). In explaining the theory, Wilson and Kelling use the example of a building that has a broken window which remains unrepaired. The theory argues that crime is not caused by broken down neighborhoods, necessarily, but they become magnets for delinquent behavior and crime because of their disorganization. Residents may tend to become slacker in their civility and delinquents and criminals may then be drawn to lawlessness areas. The theory explains that the state of the urban environment may affect crime and delinquency due to the following three factors: signal crime and social signaling; the lack or presence of routine monitoring; and conformity and social norms (Sampson 320) . Under this theory, a clean and ordered environment and one which is maintained signals that the area is well-monitored and delinquent and criminal behavior is not tolerated. On the contrary,